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Market Structure

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Market Structure

Signal8 Academy track

Market Structure

Halts, short interest, float, splits and other mechanics that shape how a stock trades, plus how congressional trading disclosures work.

Trading mechanics

Trading Halts Explained: Halt Codes, LULD Pauses and How Trading ResumesWhat T1, T2, T12, H10, LUDP, LUDS and M halt codes mean, how Limit Up-Limit Down price bands work, and how a halted stock reopens.6 min
Short Interest and Borrow Explained: Days to Cover, Short % of Float and Reg SHOHow FINRA twice-monthly short interest data is collected, what days to cover and short % of float measure, and how borrow and Reg SHO work.6 min
Premarket Trading and Relative Volume (RVOL): How Early Volume Is MeasuredHow the 4:00 to 9:30 a.m. ET premarket session works, how relative volume is calculated, and why the baseline behind an RVOL figure matters.5 min
Earnings Surprises Explained: EPS and Revenue vs Consensus, Surprise % and GuidanceHow earnings surprises are calculated against analyst consensus, why GAAP and adjusted EPS get mixed up, and where results and guidance are filed with the SEC.5 min

Corporate events

Reverse Splits Explained: Mechanics, Fractional Shares and the 1:250 CapHow a reverse stock split works, what happens to fractional shares and the CUSIP, why companies do it to meet bid-price rules, and Nasdaq's limits.7 min
Uplistings Explained: Moving from OTC to Nasdaq, NYSE, NYSE American or ArcaWhat an uplisting is, the listing standards an OTC company has to meet, and what FINRA's OTC daily list records when a security moves to an exchange.6 min
Bankruptcy Stages for Public Companies: Chapter 7 vs Chapter 11, DIP to EmergenceHow Chapter 7 and Chapter 11 differ, the stages from petition to plan confirmation and emergence, what 8-K Item 1.03 covers, and why OTC symbols gain a Q.7 min
Lockup Expirations Explained: 180-Day Lockups, Early Releases and Leak-OutsHow IPO lockup agreements work, where their terms are disclosed, how early releases and waivers are announced, and how leak-out agreements limit selling.6 min

Political trading

STOCK Act Disclosures: Periodic Transaction Reports, the 45-Day Rule and Amount BracketsHow members of Congress report trades on Periodic Transaction Reports, the 30 and 45 day deadlines, the value brackets, and late filings.5 min
Congressional Trading Data: What It Can and Cannot Tell YouThe limits of STOCK Act trade data, including amount brackets, reporting lag, spouse and managed accounts, and why a disclosed trade says nothing about intent.6 min

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